强化型EM菌剂对金针菇菌糠堆肥的影响

为提高EM菌剂在菌糠堆肥中的应用效果,加速腐熟进程,改善堆肥质量,采用纤维素酶与木聚糖酶高产菌株黑曲霉SNH-7、蛋白酶高产菌株枯草芽孢杆菌SNK-103与EM菌剂进行复配,研制强化型EM菌剂,并研究其对菌糠堆肥的影响。结果表明：与普通EM菌剂相比,接种强化型EM菌剂的处理堆肥过程中微生物代谢更加旺盛,温度、pH、EC值、总有机碳、可溶性有机碳、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、C/N、腐植酸和黄腐酸含量等理化指标的升高或降低幅度更大,腐熟进程加快;成品堆肥的GI提高,C/N降低,总氮、硝态氮、总腐植酸和游离腐植酸的含量升高,生物安全性更好、肥效更高。说明在EM菌剂中补充纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和蛋白酶高产菌株,可强化其对纤维素、木质素和蛋白质的降解能力,在无辅料、高C/N、低pH的不利条件下,添加该菌剂能加速堆肥进程,提高堆肥质量。     

河套平原典型县域耕地土壤养分空间变异特征研究

为研究河套平原地区土壤养分状况,探究县域尺度土壤养分的空间变异性与分布特征,以杭锦后旗县域耕地为对象,采用实地调查和地统计学相结合的方法,研究该区耕层土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量状况,分析土壤养分空间分布及其变异特征。结果表明,研究区耕层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾平均含量依次为13.90 g/kg、0.93 g/kg、16.25 mg/kg和170.79 mg/kg,土壤有机质和全氮处于缺乏状态,速效磷含量中等,而速效钾的含量较为丰富。从空间变异及相关性看,各土壤养分的变异程度都为中等变异,有机质和速效钾为中等相关性,全氮和有效磷均为弱相关性。从空间分布格局看,土壤有机质与全氮分布规律相近,呈现西北部高、东南部和东北部低的特点;土壤速效钾整体分布较为均衡;速效磷空间差异明显,呈东高西低格局。针对该地区土壤养分含量及分布规律,在进行养分管理过程中,应以控氮、稳磷、稳钾、全区规划与重点应对相结合的原则,坚持以有机肥为主、有机与无机相结合的施肥策略。对县域尺度耕地土壤养分状况的调查研究和统计分析,明晰了区域土壤养分空间分布特征及其与土地利用方式之间的关系,为河套平原耕地土壤养分管理、地力培育以及合理施肥运筹等提供科学依据。     

滴灌下生物质改良材料对盐渍土水盐氮运移的调控效应

为探究生物质改良材料对滴灌盐渍土水、盐、肥运移过程的调控效应，采用土箱模拟试验，研究了水肥一体化滴灌条件下，生物炭和腐殖酸两种改良材料对盐渍土水、盐、氮运移和再分布过程及其时空分布特征的影响规律。结果表明：在滴灌条件下，盐渍土壤水盐的时空动态变化表现出明显的水分入渗驱动的盐分运移过程和蒸发扩散驱动的水盐再分布过程；铵态氮含量在时间上表现出先增大、后减小的变化趋势，在空间上的运移再分布特征较弱；硝态氮含量初始时空分布表现出与水盐相似的运移特征，受铵态氮硝化作用的多重影响，后期空间分布与铵态氮空间分布相似；生物炭通过提高土壤饱和导水率，增大了入渗阶段土壤水、盐、氮的运移速率和分布范围；腐殖酸通过提高土壤田间持水率增大了再分布过程土壤水、盐、氮的分布范围和强度，同时其对尿素的水解和硝化过程表现出更强的抑制效果。应用生物质改良材料在改变土壤物理性状进而调控滴灌土壤水盐运移的同时，还影响土壤氮素转化运移过程及其分布，这为水肥一体化滴灌盐渍农田的节水、控盐、减肥治理提供了理论基础。     

叶面滞尘量对大叶黄杨光谱特征影响研究

  目的  叶面滞尘会影响植被光谱特征，削弱植被指数对植被的响应能力，影响反演评估的准确性。为探究叶面滞尘量对植被光谱响应特征及预测模型的影响，本文以北京市常见常绿绿化树种大叶黄杨为研究对象展开研究。  方法  从封闭区域、半封闭区域、开放区域，采集叶片样本，并收集环境灰尘。通过室内控制试验，利用ASD FildSpec Handheld光谱仪测量不同滞尘量叶片的高光谱数据，选取5个特征波段，通过光谱角的方法研究了叶面滞尘量对叶片光谱特征的影响，以及滞尘量对叶面滞尘量预测模型的精度和稳定性影响。  结果  随着叶面滞尘量的增加，植被光谱曲线特征逐渐减弱，灰尘的特征逐渐增强，但光谱曲线的总体变化趋势基本一致。当叶面滞尘量 > 120 g/m2时，光谱曲线的基本表现为灰尘的光谱特征。当叶面滞尘量较少时，预测模型的模拟精度相对较高，随着滞尘量的增加，所有模拟预测模型的决定系数均减小；当叶面滞尘量 > 120 g/m2时，预测模型对叶面滞尘量的模拟预测能力将更差，并且均方根误差（RMSE）随着叶片单位面积滞尘量的增加而增大，模拟预测模型的稳定性及预测精度逐渐降低。光谱角对滞尘叶片350 ~ 1 770 nm波段区间的光谱变化十分敏感，利用叶片光谱角检测滞尘程度不需要分区域讨论，只需与阈值做简单的比较，方法简便易行。  结论  本研究通过室内控制试验，研究叶面滞尘量对植被光谱响应特征，可为建立滞尘植被光谱反射物理模型提供参考与借鉴。      

稻虱缨小蜂耐热品系的生物和生态学特征

稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang是控制稻飞虱种群暴发的主要寄生性天敌之一，高温是制约其种群动态的重要因子。为了解35℃高温驯化获得的稻虱缨小蜂耐热品系（NR品系）的生防潜力，对不同温度下该品系的发育历期、有效积温、寄主卵选择、产卵量以及极端高温胁迫参数进行了测定。结果发现，与未经高温驯化的稻虱缨小蜂品系（HZ品系）相比，20℃时，NR品系雄蜂的发育速率显著高于HZ品系，这一差异主要表现在卵-幼虫中期和蛹期的发育时间明显缩短。NR品系在高温下能维持正常的产卵能力，35℃下NR品系产卵量仍能达到18.80粒/雌。NR品系有更强的耐极端温度的能力，50℃下NR品系雄蜂的热击倒时间为15.19 min，比HZ品系雄蜂长3.03 min。补充不同营养对NR品系的产卵量存在影响，35℃条件下补充10%蔗糖既能延长其寿命，也能提高产卵量。以上研究结果表明高温驯化得到的稻虱缨小蜂品系在35℃高温环境中能维持正常的生长发育和寄生能力，具备适应稻田夏季高温环境的潜力。     

氨唑草酮的水解、挥发及其在水-沉积物系统中的降解特性

为评价氨唑草酮的环境安全性,参照国家标准GB/T 31270-2014的要求,采用室内模拟法研究了氨唑草酮在不同温度和不同pH值缓冲溶液中的水解特性、在不同环境介质中的挥发特性,以及在2种水-沉积物系统中的降解特性。结果表明:氨唑草酮在25 ℃时,在pH值为4或7的缓冲液中水解半衰期均长于365 d,在pH值为9的缓冲液中水解半衰期为90.0 d,属于难水解至中等水解农药。在20~25 ℃、气体流速500 mL·min^-1的条件下,氨唑草酮在空气、水和土壤中的挥发率均小于1%,属于难挥发农药。氨唑草酮在湖泊(杭州西湖)水-沉积物系统和河流(京杭大运河)水-沉积物系统中的降解符合一级动力学方程,好氧降解半衰期分别为408 d和630 d,厌氧降解半衰期分别为248 d和990 d,在水-沉积物系统中属于难降解农药。     

南海大顶苦瓜规范化栽培技术

为了发挥广东省佛山市的传统特色蔬菜——大顶苦瓜的产品优势,提高农户的规范化栽培技术水平,在改良南海大顶苦瓜品种的基础上,制定出配套的规范化栽培技术措施,内容包括品种特性、产地环境要求、育苗、田间管理措施和采收,旨在进一步提高南海大顶苦瓜的生产效益,大力推广这一传统特色蔬菜品种。     

灌溉方式与基施磷素对设施黄瓜产量的影响

以黄瓜为试材,采用小区试验对比的方法,研究了滴灌和畦灌条件下不同磷素用量对秋季大棚黄瓜产量的影响,以期为提高秋季大棚黄瓜产量提供参考依据。结果表明:滴灌大棚的黄瓜生长状况明显好于畦灌大棚,商品黄瓜产量显著提高(P0.05),各阶段用水总量278.3 mm,节水达41%。畦灌条件下,不施磷肥处理黄瓜果实产量显著低于磷肥处理(P0.05);滴灌条件下,过量的磷肥施用(P2O5100 kg·hm~(-2))导致黄瓜果实产量和品质显著下降(P0.05)。由此可见,滴灌条件下合理施用磷肥能够降低水资源消耗,提高磷肥利用效率,有利于黄瓜品质和产量的提升。     

Comparison of the microbial communities of alpacas and sheep fed diets with three different ratios of corn stalk to concentrate

The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of ruminal microbial communities of alpacas (Lama pacos) and sheep (Ovis aries) fed three diets with varying ratios of roughage (corn stalk) to concentrate, 3:7 (LS), 5:5 (MS) and 7:3 (HS). Six alpacas (one-year-old and weighing 29.5 ± 7.1 kg) and six sheep (one-year-old and weighing 27.9 ± 2.7 kg) were used in this study, in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment. Total protozoa concentration was determined under the microscope; total fungi and methanogens were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed as a percentage of total bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies; bacterial communities were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3–V4 region) sequencing. The percentage of fungi was significantly higher in alpacas than in sheep under the LS diet, while the concentration of protozoa was significantly lower in alpacas under HS, MS and LS diets. The alpha diversity including Shannon, Chao l and ACE indices of bacterial communities was higher in alpacas than in sheep, under the LS diet. A total of 299 genera belonging to 22 phyla were observed in the forestomach of alpaca and sheep, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes dominating both animal species. Phyla Armatimonadetes and Fusobacteria, as well as 64 genera, were detected only in alpacas, whereas phyla Acidobacteria and Nitrospira, as well as 44 genera, were found only in sheep. The abundance of cellulolytic bacteria, including Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio, was higher in alpacas than in sheep under all three diets. These differences in the forestomach microbial communities partly explained why alpacas displayed a higher poor-quality roughage digestibility, and a lower methane production. Results also revealed that the adverse effects of high-concentrate diets (70%) were lesser in alpacas than in sheep.     

Screening and Verification of Low Nitrogen Tolerant and Nitrogen Sensitive Cotton Germplasm

[Objective] The aim of this study is to evaluate nitrogen efficient cotton germplasms and improve nitrogen use efficiency. [Method] Eighty cotton germplasms were selected and evaluated in the hydroponic experiment under low (0.25 mmol·L^－1) and high (5 mmol·L^－1) nitrogen concentration. Different traits for screening were identified and nitrogen use efficiency types were classified. Field experiments were also performed for comparison and confirmation of the identified germplasms. [Result] The results showed that there were significant differences in the total plant dry matter, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency in cotton germplasms at the two nitrogen levels. Based on coefficient of variation, principal component analysis and correlation, six traits including total plant dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total nitrogen accumulation, shoot nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen absorption efficiency were used as screening indicators. According to the Heatmap clustering analysis and the nitrogen efficiency comprehensive index, two germplasms (Lu05R59 and CCRI 69) were identified as low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient, and two germplasms (Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30) as low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient. The results of field experiment were consistent with the results of the hydroponic culture at the seedling stage. [Conclusion] It was finally determined that Lu05R59 and CCRI 69 were the low nitrogen tolerant and nitrogen efficient germplasms, and Coker 201 and Xinluzhong 30 were low nitrogen sensitive and nitrogen inefficient germplasms. The results of these studies provide the possibility for screening and rapid identification of nitrogen use efficiency in cotton at the seedling stage, and provide the ideal materials and theoretical basis for further study of cotton nitrogen efficient.